Tale of Two: Study Unraveling Mystery of TRAP Sequence in Monochorionic Twins

Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence is a rare and serious complication primarily observed in monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twins, manifesting with acute impacts on both twins involved. With a historically low incidence of approximately 1%, the advent of advanced ultrasonography and assisted reproductive technologies may increase the observed frequency, potentially up to 1 in 40 MC twin pregnancies. Notably, about 30% of cases emerge specifically in MCMA gestations, while conjoined twins, a rare subtype of monochorionic twins, present an even lower incidence. TRAP sequence’s defining characteristic is the dependency of the acardiac twin on the cardiac output of the pump twin, facilitated through unique vascular connections typically identifiable via prenatal ultrasound. A recent investigation showcases an unusual instance of the TRAP sequence linked to conjoined twins, where the acardiac twin was supplied with blood through a direct branch originating from the aortic arch of the pump twin.

Mortality and Management Strategies

The condition exhibits alarmingly high mortality rates, with spontaneous miscarriage rates reaching 35-50% and the risk of pump twin mortality estimated at 30% by 18 weeks gestation without intervention. Effective management strategies aim to prolong gestation and circumvent severe complications, such as fetal hydrops and heart failure. Common interventions comprise expectant monitoring, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and laser coagulation, with RFA gaining favor due to its minimally invasive nature and potential for improved outcomes. The optimal window for intervention remains under investigation, generally advocated at 14-18 weeks of gestation, although recent insights suggest the potential advantages of even earlier intervention.

Case Study and Intervention Outcomes

A case studied illustrated a unique variation in TRAP sequence wherein the acardiac twin was perfused through a direct branch from the pump twin’s aortic arch. Utilizing RFA effectively occluded this abnormal blood supply, leading to a successful pregnancy outcome. Post-procedure evaluations demonstrated stable hemodynamics in the pump twin post-ablation, allowing for a healthy delivery at 35 weeks with a normal birth weight and Apgar score, reinforcing the utility of timely intervention and the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration throughout management.

Evaluation of Treatment Efficacy

Subsequent evaluations indicated significant regression in size of the acardiac twin following intervention, underscoring the benefits of individualized treatment strategies. Furthermore, systematic reviews support a marked improvement in survival rates through timely interventions, particularly with RFA. Despite limitations such as a small sample size and the absence of late-gestation fetal brain MRI assessments, the findings present valuable insights into the importance of early diagnostics and a tailored approach for improved outcomes in high-risk pregnancies, advocating for future studies integrating larger datasets and machine learning techniques for enhanced decision-making.

Key Points

– -Incidence and Classification-: TRAP sequence predominantly occurs in monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancies, with an estimated incidence of approximately 1%, which may increase to 1 in 40 due to advancements in ultrasound and reproductive technologies. About 30% of cases occur within MCMA gestations, while conjoined twins represent a rarer variant.

– -Pathophysiology-: The defining feature of TRAP sequence is the reliance of the acardiac twin on the pump twin’s cardiac output through anomalous vascular connections, typically visualized via prenatal ultrasound.

– -Mortality Rates-: TRAP sequence is associated with high mortality rates, exhibiting a spontaneous miscarriage rate of 35-50% and a 30% risk of mortality for the pump twin by 18 weeks gestation in the absence of intervention.

– -Management Strategies-: Treatment focuses on prolonging gestation and avoiding complications like fetal hydrops and heart failure. Effective interventions include expectant management, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), and laser coagulation, with RFA being preferable due to its minimally invasive nature. The optimal intervention window is generally recommended between 14-18 weeks, though earlier intervention may be beneficial.

– -Case Study Outcomes-: A case study exemplified a variation where the acardiac twin was perfused via a directly connected branch from the pump twin’s aorta. The application of RFA successfully occluded this supply, leading to positive hemodynamic stability for the pump twin, resulting in delivery at 35 weeks with normal birth metrics, emphasizing the need for timely and collaborative intervention.

– -Efficacy and Future Directions-: Post-intervention assessments showed significant reduction in the size of the acardiac twin, indicating the effectiveness of tailored treatment. Systematic reviews highlight improved survival rates with timely interventions like RFA, though limitations exist regarding sample sizes and imaging assessments. Future research should expand datasets and incorporate machine learning methods to refine clinical decision-making in these complex scenarios.

Reference –

Hua Lai et al. (2025). Individualized Intervention And Growth Dynamics Assessment In TRAP Sequence With Conjoined Twins Based On Radiofrequency Ablation. *BMC Pregnancy And Childbirth*, 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-025-07658-1.

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Elevated hs-CRP Linked to significant Diabetic Nephropathy Risk , suggests study

A new study published in BMC Nephrology has found that elevated levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) are significantly associated with an increased risk of diabetic nephropathy (DN), a serious microvascular complication of diabetes. Researchers analyzed data across multiple studies and concluded that hs-CRP—an inflammatory biomarker—may serve as a useful tool for identifying high-risk individuals and informing targeted anti-inflammatory treatment strategies. The findings point to the role of systemic inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease, suggesting that hs-CRP could be integrated into risk stratification models alongside traditional markers like albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Despite these insights, the authors note that considerable heterogeneity among included studies—such as differences in diagnostic criteria, populations, and study design—limits the generalizability of the results. Therefore, while the data is promising, further prospective and mechanistic studies are required to confirm causality and refine clinical application. This research contributes to growing evidence that chronic low-grade inflammation plays a central role in diabetic complications, and highlights hs-CRP as a potentially accessible, low-cost biomarker for routine monitoring in diabetic patients. Early identification of inflammation-driven kidney damage may help clinicians intervene before irreversible progression to end-stage renal disease.

Reference:

Bassami, F., Yavari, M., Feizi, A. et al. Association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol 26, 418 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-025-04358-y

Keywords: hs-CRP, diabetic nephropathy, inflammation, diabetic kidney disease, chronic inflammation, risk stratification, BMC Nephrology, kidney complications in diabetes, biomarker research, anti-inflammatory therapy, DN progression

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Study reports final clinical trial data for advanced kidney cancer treatment

A two-drug combination for treating advanced kidney cancer had sustained and durable clinical benefit in more than five years of follow-up, according to a study published in Nature Medicine.

The study reports final clinical data and biomarker analyses from the Phase 3 KEYNOTE-426 trial, which compared the drug combination pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus the single drug sunitinib for patients with previously untreated advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma, the most common type of kidney cancer.

“KEYNOTE-426 was the first trial to combine a PD-1 inhibitor immunotherapy (pembrolizumab) with a VEGF receptor inhibitor antiangiogenic drug (axitinib) in the first-line setting for advanced renal cell carcinoma. It therefore has the longest follow-up duration among the various trials comparing these types of drug combinations,” said Brian Rini, MD, a medical oncologist at Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center and the study’s lead and corresponding author.

Immunotherapy drugs like pembrolizumab stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells. VEGF receptor inhibitors like axitinib and sunitinib block angiogenesis — the development of blood vessels that tumors need to grow and spread. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib and other immunotherapy-antiangiogenic drug combinations are now standard first-line treatments for advanced kidney cancer.

“Before the development of antiangiogenic drugs and immunotherapies, advanced renal cell carcinoma had a very poor prognosis. These drug combinations have dramatically improved treatment options and outcomes for patients,” said Rini, Ingram Professor of Cancer Research and Thomas F. Frist Sr. Professor of Medicine.

The first interim analysis of outcomes from KEYNOTE-426, published Feb. 16, 2019, in the New England Journal of Medicine, demonstrated that trial participants treated with pembrolizumab plus axitinib had longer overall and progression-free survival, and higher objective response rates compared to those taking sunitinib. The median follow-up was 12.8 months.

Now, with a median follow-up of 67.2 months, the current analysis confirms and extends the interim analysis and provides valuable information about biomarkers that could help guide treatment decisions.

The study in Nature Medicine reports that pembrolizumab plus axitinib had longer overall survival (47.2 months versus 40.8 months for sunitinib) and longer progression-free survival (15.7 months versus 11.1 months for sunitinib). The objective response rate was 60.6% for pembrolizumab plus axitinib and 39.6% for sunitinib.

The researchers reported a variety of associations between the expression of biomarkers and outcomes (overall survival, progression-free survival, objective response rate). The biomarkers they evaluated included an 18-gene T-cell-inflamed expression profile, angiogenesis signature, and PD-1 ligand expression.

“There is an unmet need for biomarkers that are predictive of patient outcomes following treatment with available first-line therapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma,” Rini said. “Although our analysis showed potential clinical utility of some RNA signatures in identifying patients who are likely to benefit the most from each treatment, further prospective clinical studies are needed.”

Pembrolizumab plus axitinib is a first-line treatment option for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma regardless of biomarker subtypes, he noted.

Reference:

Rini, B.I., Plimack, E.R., Stus, V. et al. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: 5-year survival and biomarker analyses of the phase 3 KEYNOTE-426 trial. Nat Med (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03867-5.

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Vitiligo Causally Linked to Rheumatoid Arthritis, Type 1 Diabetes, and Alopecia Areata: Study

A new study published in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology has found that vitiligo has a direct causal relationship with a number of autoimmune diseases, most notably rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and alopecia areata (AA). Applying novel genetic analysis, this research provides strong evidence of a bidirectional causal relationship between vitiligo and RA, in addition to declaring vitiligo to be a causal agent in the onset of T1DM and AA. These results redefine existing knowledge of the autoimmune environment and propose common biological mechanisms that might inform future diagnosis and treatment protocols. The study was conducted by Jiangfeng and colleagues.

Vitiligo, a depigmenting skin condition caused by melanocyte loss, has been long suspected to be associated with autoimmune disease but has proven elusive to establish as having a direct causal link given confounding and reverse causality. To overcome the above limitations, the researchers utilized Mendelian randomization (MR), a methodology that utilizes genetic variants as surrogates to ascertain causality between traits, to investigate the relationships between vitiligo and six common autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Graves’ disease, inflammatory bowel disease, AA, T1DM, and RA.

Bidirectional two-sample MR analyses were applied in the study to examine possible bidirectional causal relationships between vitiligo and all the autoimmune diseases. SMR and colocalization tests were further applied to detect common genetic loci that would account for the shared risks. The genetic method generated strong evidence without the common bias present in observational investigations.

Key Findings

Bidirectional Causality Between Vitiligo and RA

  • RA raises the risk of vitiligo: IVW OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05–1.13, p = 0.008

  • Vitiligo raises the risk of RA: IVW OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.03–1.13, p < 0.001

Vitiligo raises the risk of other autoimmune diseases:

  • Alopecia Areata (AA): IVW OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04–1.26, p = 0.008

  • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM): IVW OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.06–1.23, p < 0.001

Genetic loci shared:

SMR and colocalization tests identified three shared genes between RA and vitiligo:

  • FCRL3 (Fc Receptor-Like 3)

  • FADS1 (Fatty Acid Desaturase 1)

  • FADS2 (Fatty Acid Desaturase 2)

These could potentially function as future therapeutic or diagnostic targets, indicating a common autoimmune mechanism.

This study presents genetic evidence that vitiligo is causally linked with RA, T1DM, and AA, with reciprocal risk elevation particularly between vitiligo and RA. Shared susceptibility genes also strengthen the notion of shared autoimmune mechanisms and provide a new area for multi-disease treatment and drug development.

Reference:

Huang, J., Jiang, L., Hu, Y., Fu, C., Zhang, K., Wen, Y., Zhou, S., Huang, J., Chen, J., & Zeng, Q. (2025). Association of vitiligo with autoimmune disorders: A bidirectional two‐sample and summary‐based Mendelian randomization study. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 24(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.70211

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Modified open anterior mesh repair Effective for Groin Hernias in Women in Low-Resource Settings: JAMA

Researchers have found in a new randomized clinical trial that modified open anterior mesh repair repair is a suitable option for groin hernia repair in women, especially in low-resource settings. Femoral hernias were highly prevalent, and exposing the femoral canal was crucial for their accurate detection. The study was published in JAMA Network by Alphonsus M. and colleagues.

The research was a two-arm, double-blind, randomized clinical trial between October 2019 and February 2023 in two public hospitals in Northern Uganda. The trial recruited 200 adult females aged 18 years or more, who all had a primary groin hernia and were of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I or II. Informed consent was given by all the subjects. The women were randomized to receive either the routine OAM repair or the MOAM repair, the primary difference in the MOAM technique being opening of the transversalis fascia and closure of the femoral canal with a mesh flap.

There were 200 women who participated in the trial. The mean age was 52.7 years with a standard deviation of 14.0 years. Of the 200 women, 99 (49.5%) were randomly assigned to the OAM repair and 101 (50.5%) to the MOAM repair. It was interesting to observe that almost 45% of the participants (89 out of 200) had a femoral hernia. Surprisingly, 35 women (35.4%) assigned initially to the OAM group received the MOAM procedure instead because of intraoperative findings of femoral hernias necessitating femoral canal exposure.

Key Findings

  • At one-year follow-up, the total rate of recurrence for groin hernias among all participants was 5.6% (11 out of 195 patients).

  • In the control (OAM) group, 4 out of 97 participants (4.1%) had recurrence.

  • In the intervention (MOAM) group, 7 out of 98 participants (7.1%) had recurrence.

  • The absolute between-group difference in recurrence was −3.0 percentage points (95% confidence interval: −9.5 to 3.4), and this difference was not statistically significant (P = .36).

  • Notwithstanding this, the exposure of the femoral canal by MOAM permitted more sensitive detection and repair of femoral hernias, essential in female patients, in whom these hernias are more common.

This randomized clinical trial offers valuable evidence that modified open anterior mesh repair is a feasible and safe technique for the management of groin hernias among women in low-resource settings. The results justify the wider use of MOAM where laparoscopic surgery is unavailable, allowing women to be provided with complete and effective hernia repair.

Reference:

Matovu A, Nordin P, Wladis A, et al. Open Anterior Mesh Repair vs Modified Open Anterior Mesh Repair for Groin Hernia in Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. Published online July 16, 2025. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2025.2244

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Sildenafil Fails to Reduce Adverse Perinatal Outcomes Linked to Intrapartum Hypoxia: JAMA

Researchers have found in a new study that sildenafil citrate did not lower the incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes potentially associated with intrapartum hypoxia.

Sildenafil citrate may increase uteroplacental blood flow. Its ability to reduce perinatal complications related to fetal hypoxia during labor is uncertain. A study was doe to compare the effectiveness of intrapartum maternal oral sildenafil citrate vs placebo in improving perinatal outcomes potentially related to intrapartum hypoxia in term pregnancies. This pragmatic, multicenter, investigator-initiated, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial including 3257 women was conducted in 13 Australian hospitals from September 6, 2021, to June 28, 2024. The last date of follow-up (28-day neonatal mortality) was July 26, 2024. Women aged 18 years or older with singleton or dichorionic twin pregnancies, planning vaginal birth at term by either spontaneous labor or induction of labor, were recruited. The primary composite outcome was intrapartum stillbirth, neonatal death, Apgar score less than 4 at 5 minutes (a score of <4 at 5 minutes is indicative of severe neonatal depression at birth, with scores ranging from 0 to 10), acidosis at birth (umbilical cord artery pH <7.0), hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, neonatal seizures, neonatal respiratory support for greater than 4 hours, neonatal unit admission for greater than 48 hours, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, or meconium aspiration syndrome. Secondary outcomes were the individual components of the primary composite and emergency cesarean delivery or instrumental birth for intrapartum fetal distress. Results A total of 3257 women were randomized to sildenafil citrate (n = 1626 women and 1634 infants) or placebo (n = 1631 women and 1641 infants). Mean (SD) maternal age and gestation at randomization were similar in both groups (31.7 [5.1] vs 31.5 [5.0] years and 39.5 [1.2] vs 39.5 [1.1] weeks, respectively). A total of 868 participants (53.4%) vs 874 participants (53.6%) were of Australia/New Zealand ethnicity and 315 participants (19.4%) vs 311 participants (19.1%) were of European ethnicity. Most participants were nulliparous (944 of 1624 [58.1%; 2 missing values] vs 966 of 1630 [59.3%; 1 missing value]). Induction of labor occurred in 1353 of 1621 women (83.5%) in the sildenafil citrate group and 1348 of 1627 women (82.9%) in the placebo group. The primary outcome occurred in 83 of 1625 women (5.1%) in the sildenafil citrate group and 84 of 1625 (5.2%) in the placebo group (relative risk, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.75-1.37). Sildenafil citrate had no significant effect on emergency cesarean delivery or instrumental vaginal birth for fetal distress (relative risk, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.98-1.29) or on any of the individual components of the primary outcome. Subgroup analyses showed no evidence of heterogeneity of treatment effect. Sildenafil citrate did not result in a lower incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes potentially related to intrapartum hypoxia.

Reference:

Kumar S, Tarnow-Mordi W, Mol BW, et al. Intrapartum Sildenafil to Improve Perinatal Outcomes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2025;334(2):149–159. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.7710

Keywords:

Sildenafil, Fails, Reduce, Adverse, Perinatal, Outcomes, Linked, Intrapartum, Hypoxia, JAMA, Kumar S, Tarnow-Mordi W, Mol BW

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Study finds olfactory impairment to increase the risk of cognitive decline

A new study published in the journal of International Forum of Allergy and Rhinology showed that the individuals with olfactory impairment (OI) had double the prevalence of cognitive decline (CD) when compared to people with normal olfactory perception.

Due to the fact that OI is a common symptom of COVID-19 and that many patients have ongoing symptoms, this previously disregarded sensory impairment has gained attention. Dementia and cognitive impairment are both crippling illnesses that can lower a patient’s and family’s quality of life and increase both individual and national healthcare costs. Thus, this study aimed to summarize the long-term relationship between OI and CD by synthesizing the existing evidence in a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Through August 9, 2024, Web of Science and Embase PubMed were searched for longitudinal studies that reported on self-reported and objectively evaluated OI in relation to CD using validated methodologies. Incident CD was the result of interest. Data extraction, bias assessment, and evidence strength grading were done by independent writers. Subgroup, sensitivity, and bias analyses were performed as part of a mixed-effects meta-analysis. OI-associated CD’s population-attributable fraction (PAF) was computed.

There were 37,783 participants and 48 papers in this research. When compared to people with normal olfaction, OI patients had a 2.06-fold higher risk of any CD (risk ratio [RR] = 2.06; 95% CI = 1.87‒2.26, I2 = 0%). In comparison to individuals with mild OI (RR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.23‒1.85, I2 = 0%), those with severe OI had a greater risk of any CD (RR = 2.60; 95% CI = 2.12‒3.20, I2 = 0%).

Every 10% drop in olfactory score (RR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.14‒1.22, I2 = 24%) and every point drop on the Sniffin’ Sticks Odor Identification Test (RR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1.11‒1.18, I2 = 0%) raised the probability of any CD by 18%. These findings held up well to additional examinations. The PAF of incident CDs linked to OI was 18%.

Overall, OI with higher category severity and deteriorating olfactory scores was linked to a higher risk of CD, according to a positive categorical and continuous dose-response association. Cognitive screening should be advised for individuals with chronic OI, and OI may be included as a component of early cognitive screening in high-risk patients.

Source:

Yeo, B. S. Y., Song, H. J. J. M. D., Tan, B. K. J., Suresh, A., Ho, O. T. W., Chan, J. H., Gao, E. Y., Tan, C. J.-W., Teo, C. B., Chen, C. L.-H., Tay, L., Lamoureux, E. L., Hummel, T., See, A., Xu, S., Toh, S. T., Charn, T. C., & Teo, N. W. Y. (2025). Olfactory impairment and incident cognitive decline: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology, e23635, e23635. https://doi.org/10.1002/alr.23635

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First Reported Case Links PreserFlo MicroShunt Surgery to RPE Tear and Serous Retinal Detachment

Japan: A recent case report published in BMC Ophthalmology by Ayako Sadahide and colleagues from the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan, documents the first known instance of serous retinal detachment (SRD) accompanied by a retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) tear following PreserFlo MicroShunt (PMS) surgery. The minimally invasive glaucoma device is designed to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) with fewer complications than traditional filtration surgeries. However, this case highlights the need for careful postoperative monitoring, especially in patients with predisposing ocular and systemic factors.

The report describes a 53-year-old man with ocular hypertension and a history of cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) fixation who underwent PMS due to uncontrolled IOP. The patient also had a history of atopic dermatitis and prolonged use of potent topical steroids, factors suspected to compromise choroidal microcirculation and RPE integrity.

Initially, the surgery appeared successful, lowering IOP from 42 mmHg to 10 mmHg on the first postoperative day. However, within days, the patient developed ciliochoroidal detachment (CD), a known complication of glaucoma surgery under hypotonic conditions. Despite conservative management with atropine and topical steroids, the condition progressed. By one month post-surgery, the patient’s vision dropped to 20/500, and bullous serous retinal detachment involving the macula was noted. Imaging revealed extensive RPE tears in the inferior regions of the retina.

To prevent further deterioration, surgeons performed scleral drainage and pars plana vitrectomy with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gas tamponade. The procedure successfully elevated IOP and led to the resolution of the detachment. Postoperatively, the patient’s IOP stabilized in the mid-teens with no recurrence of SRD, though postoperative angiography confirmed the presence of window defects consistent with RPE tears.

According to the authors, the case emphasizes that not only absolute postoperative hypotony but also a rapid and significant drop in IOP can disturb choroidal blood flow and compromise RPE function, especially in eyes with structural vulnerabilities. The findings suggest that eyes with exfoliation syndrome, long-term steroid exposure, or pre-existing choroidal circulatory compromise may be particularly susceptible to such complications.

Previous reports of SRD and RPE tears have been associated with conventional glaucoma filtration surgeries, but until now, none have been linked to PMS. The authors propose that the dramatic pressure change, combined with a fragile RPE due to chronic steroid use and atopic dermatitis, likely triggered the sequence of CD, RPE tear, and SRD in this case.

The report highlights the importance of individualized surgical planning and vigilant postoperative monitoring in glaucoma patients, especially when risk factors for RPE fragility exist. Early recognition of choroidal detachment and prompt IOP-elevating interventions may be critical in preventing vision-threatening outcomes.

“The study emphasizes that while PMS is generally safe and effective, clinicians should be aware of this rare but serious complication. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and to establish preventive strategies for high-risk patients undergoing minimally invasive glaucoma surgery,” the authors concluded.

Reference:

Sadahide, A., Harada, Y., Sakaguchi, H. et al. Serous retinal detachment with retinal pigment epithelium tear after PreserFlo MicroShunt surgery: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 25, 424 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-025-04259-6

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Walking further and faster linked to reduced risk of cardiovascular events in people with high blood pressure

An analysis of over 36,000 people with high blood pressure has shown that taking more steps, even below the recommended daily target of 10,000 steps, and walking faster, is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of major problems of the heart and blood vessels.

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Potatoes may increase risk of type 2 diabetes—depending on their preparation

In a study that tracked the diets of more than 205,000 adults over decades, French fries were associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D), while other forms of potatoes—including baked, boiled, and mashed—were not. The study, led by Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health also found that swapping any form of potato for whole grains may lower the risk of T2D.

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