RSV vaccines are safe and effective, review finds

A new Cochrane review demonstrates that vaccines for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are both safe and effective in protecting vulnerable groups that are most at risk of serious illness, including older adults and infants.

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‘Staggering’ costs of e-scooter injuries are quantified for the first time for hospitals in Ireland

Injuries occurring to people who ride e-scooters cost Irish hospitals an average of €1,726 per patient, and researchers have calculated the total overall cost to one hospital in a single year was €128,650.

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Hypnosis can make ventilation masks more acceptable to patients with breathing problems

Hypnosis can significantly improve patients’ tolerance of masks to help them breathe when they are suffering from acute respiratory failure, according to a pilot study presented at the European Emergency Medicine Congress.

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Higher levels of air pollution linked to worsening of sleep apnea

People who have obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may suffer worse symptoms if they live in areas with higher levels of air pollution, according to a multi-national study presented at the European Respiratory Society (ERS) Congress in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

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Unplanned, premature, out-of-hospital births pose challenges for emergency team

The first detailed analysis of unplanned births that occurred outside the hospital setting in Austria has shown that, although such deliveries are rare, they pose challenges for emergency teams that attend, especially if babies are born prematurely.

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Mandibular Devices Effective for Severe Sleep Apnea with Hypertension: Study

Researchers have identified in a new study that mandibular advancement devices (MADs) are a valuable and acceptable treatment for patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and hypertension, offering significant improvements in sleep-related quality of life and blood pressure. Although continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is currently the gold standard treatment, this study demonstrates that MADs have cardiovascular benefits and improved patient compliance, and they can be an alternative in clinical practice. The study was published in the Journal of Dental Research by J. T. Colpani and fellow researchers.

This randomized trial substudy comprised 144 patients with severe OSA, who were assigned to MAD (n=73) or CPAP (n=71) treatment for 12 months. Measured outcomes were ambulatory BP, apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), quality of life related to sleep, cardiac MRI indexes, heart rhythm, biomarkers, and adverse events. Median nightly use was 5.4 hours (2.9–6.5) for MAD and 4.9 hours (4.0–6.0) for CPAP, with 56.1% of MAD users and 28.3% of CPAP users having ≥6 hours/night adherence.

Results

  • The AHI at baseline was 44.0 events/h in the MAD group and 50.7 events/h in the CPAP group.

  • At 6 months, AHI reduced to 20.9 events/h with MAD and 2.1 events/h with CPAP.

MAD treatment reduced significantly:

  • Asleep mean BP: −4.7 mm Hg (95% CI: −8.3 to −4.0; P = 0.015)

  • Asleep systolic BP: −2.0 mm Hg (95% CI: −10.0 to −4.0; P = 0.047)

  • Asleep diastolic BP: −4.0 mm Hg (95% CI: −9.0 to −3.0; P = 0.007)

Between-group differences benefited MAD compared with CPAP for:

  • Asleep mean BP: −3.70 mm Hg (95% CI: −7.40 to 0.00; P = 0.050)

  • Asleep systolic BP: −4.78 mm Hg (95% CI: −9.51 to 0.04; P = 0.048)

  • Both therapies enhanced quality of life related to sleep, but CPAP had a slightly greater effect on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (Δ1.63; 95% CI: 0.45 to 2.81; P = 0.007).

  • There were no significant alterations in cardiac MRI parameters, ambulatory heart rhythm, or biomarkers for either group.

Adverse effects varied:

  • MAD users: jaw pain (14.8%), discomfort of teeth (8.2%)

  • CPAP users: dry mouth (50.8%), nasal congestion (23.0%), air leakage (29.5%)

This randomized study proved MADs to be an effective and acceptable substitute for CPAP in the case of patients with severe OSA and hypertension, especially for nocturnal blood pressure improvement and compliance. Although CPAP is still better at the suppression of apnea events, MADs can have larger cardiovascular benefits and are a valuable treatment strategy in the practice setting.

Reference:

Colpani, J. T., Ou, Y.-H., Kosasih, A. M., Lee, F. K. F., Chan, S.-P., Tan, H. H., Wong, R. C. W., Chin, C. W., Cistulli, P. A., & Lee, C.-H. (2025). Mandibular advancement device versus CPAP in severe obstructive sleep apnea. Journal of Dental Research, 00220345251361796. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345251361796

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FDA Approves Palsonify for Acromegaly Treatment

The FDA has approved Palsonify™ (paltusotine) for adults with acromegaly who did not respond adequately to surgery or are not candidates for surgical treatment.

PALSONIFY, a selectively-targeted somatostatin receptor type 2 nonpeptide (SST2) agonist, is now the first once-daily, oral treatment approved for adults with acromegaly.

“With the FDA approval of our lead therapy Palsonify, today marks a new era for those living with acromegaly and also for Crinetics as a company,” said Scott Struthers, Ph.D., Founder and Chief Executive Officer of Crinetics. “We are very pleased to be fulfilling our commitment to transforming patient lives. This approval is the first to come from our deep pipeline of first-in-class, small molecule drugs. This would not be possible without the help and partnership of people living with acromegaly, their caretakers, our employees, and the clinical researchers and health care professionals who contributed to Palsonify’s successful development program. Thank you to all involved.”

The approval is based on data from the PATHFNDR-1 and PATHFNDR-2 Phase 3 pivotal trials, which evaluated PALSONIFY’s safety and efficacy in previously treated and medically untreated adults with acromegaly. Across both trials, PALSONIFY consistently demonstrated rapid onset, reliable biochemical control, and sustained efficacy.

Participants also reported significant reductions in signs and symptoms associated with acromegaly as measured by the Acromegaly Symptom Diary (ASD) — an FDA-aligned patient-reported outcome tool developed to capture the symptoms that matter to people living with acromegaly. Symptoms include headaches, joint pain, sweating, fatigue, weakness, swelling, and/or numbness/tingling. PALSONIFY was generally well-tolerated, with no serious adverse events reported in the randomized controlled portion of the trials.

Long-term results from the open-label extension (OLE) phases of both trials were presented at this year’s Endocrine Society’s annual meeting, ENDO 2025, providing further evidence of PALSONIFY’s ability to deliver durable IGF-1 control, sustained improvements in patient symptom burden, and a consistent safety profile. Ninety-one percent of patients from PATHFNDR-1 and 97 percent of completers from PATHFNDR-2 enrolled in the OLE.

“The PATHFNDR clinical development program set a new standard for acromegaly treatment by demonstrating the ability of Palsonify to drive both biochemical and symptom control, regardless of the degree of underlying disease severity,” said Dr. Shlomo Melmed, Executive Vice President of Medicine and Health Sciences and Dean of the Medical Faculty at Cedars-Sinai. “The approval of Palsonify is a significant advancement for our patients, as there is an unmet need for an easy-to-administer and safe therapeutic option with a rapid action and durable response that can consistently manage acromegaly.”

“For people living with acromegaly, treatment once meant burdensome injections, breakthrough symptoms, and lifestyle sacrifices just to stay on track,” said Jill Sisco, President of Acromegaly Community. “What matters most to our community – maintaining consistent control so the disease doesn’t control us – led us to partner with the FDA on Externally Led Patient-Focused Drug Development meetings. This new treatment reflects that our voices have been heard in shaping the next generation of acromegaly care.”

PALSONIFY is expected to be available in the U.S. in early October. Crinetics is ensuring broad access to PALSONIFY by working closely with payers, healthcare providers, and patient advocacy organizations to support those who may benefit from this treatment.

As part of this commitment, Crinetics has launched CrinetiCARE®, a comprehensive support program designed to assist people living with acromegaly throughout their treatment journey. CrinetiCARE provides disease and product education, benefit verification, financial assistance resources, and access to dedicated nurse educators who can offer support with treatment onboarding and ongoing adherence. 

A Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) for paltusotine in acromegaly is currently under review for use in the European Union, and the current timeline for the Committee for Medicinal Products and Human Use (CHMP) opinion is the first half of 2026. Crinetics is in partnership with Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyuso (SKK) to develop and commercialize paltusotine for acromegaly in Japan.

Paltusotine is also being evaluated for the treatment of carcinoid syndrome in the pivotal Phase 3 CAREFNDR trial.

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Stem cells may offer new hope for end-stage kidney disease treatment, suggests research

More than 4 million people worldwide have end-stage kidney disease that requires hemodialysis, a treatment in which a machine filters waste from the blood. Hemodialysis is a precursor to kidney transplant. To prepare for it, patients typically undergo surgery to connect an artery and a vein in the arm, creating an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) that allows blood to flow through the vein for treatment. However, AVF fails about 60 percent of the time due to vein narrowing. This is a major barrier to effective treatment.

Mayo Clinic researchers found that transplanting patients’ own stem cells from fat cells into the vein often helped prevent inflammation and vein narrowing. This could help millions of people with end-stage kidney disease tolerate dialysis longer, extending the time before they require a kidney transplant.

That is because these adult stem cells called mesenchymal stem cells secrete healing growth factors that appear to be effective for certain patients with an AVF, according to Sanjay Misra, M.D., a Mayo Clinic interventional radiologist and senior author of the study published in Science Translational Medicine.

“Mesenchymal stem cells have anti-inflammatory properties,” he says. “Inflammation is a significant problem, especially in Western society, because it’s a hallmark of a lot of medical problems: heart disease, vascular disease, hypertension, high cholesterol and cancer. They are all driven by inflammation.”

Improving kidney disease treatment options

In this study, 21 participants received AVFs as part of a phase I clinical trial. Eleven participants were injected with their own fat-derived mesenchymal stem cells before AVF surgery; 10 were part of the control group. The AVFs healed faster and were more durable in most of those who received the stem cells. However, not everyone responded to them.

“We were surprised by these differences in response to the mesenchymal stem cells. This spurred us to delve further into our research and include preclinical models and RNA sequencing technology,” says lead author Sreenivasulu Kilari, Ph.D.

The researchers identified specific anti-inflammatory gene factors in those who responded well to the stem cells. They say these genetic biomarkers could help predict which patients are most likely to benefit from this stem cell application and help inform personalized treatment options. The researchers hope to garner more information through larger clinical trials.

“This approach has the potential to improve outcomes for millions of patients with kidney failure, reduce healthcare costs and inform new clinical guidelines for dialysis access management if validated in larger clinical trials,” says Dr. Misra.

Reference:

Sreenivasulu Kilari et al. ,Periadventitial delivery of mesenchymal stem cells improves vascular remodeling and maturation in arteriovenous fistulas.Sci. Transl. Med.17,eadp7723(2025).DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.adp7723

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Mammograms May Benefit Women Well Into Their 80s, UCLA Study Finds

For many older women, the question of whether to continue breast cancer screening has been uncertain. While most guidelines recommend mammograms up to age 74, advice for women 75 and older has been less clear. Now, a new study from researchers at the UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center suggests that regular mammograms may still offer significant benefits for women in their 80s.

The study, published in the Annals of Surgical Oncology, found that women in their 80s who get regular mammograms are more likely to have breast cancer detected early, need less aggressive treatment and live longer.

“When cancer is found on screening, it is often early stage,” said Dr. Nimmi Kapoor, an associate professor of surgery at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and senior author of the study. “In postmenopausal women with the most common hormone-sensitive breast cancers, we can often omit sentinel lymph node biopsy, chemotherapy, and sometimes even radiation. Screening is especially important in this era of de-escalation because early detection allows us to safely reduce the intensity of treatment while still achieving excellent outcomes.”

The number of older adults in the U.S. has grown rapidly over the past decade, and age is a major risk factor for breast cancer. As a result, determining the most effective way to screen older women has become increasingly important, the researchers noted. Yet guidance is limited, leaving many women and their doctors uncertain about when to continue or stop routine mammograms. Screening in older women also raises concerns about overdiagnosis, when cancers are detected that may never cause problems, and the associated costs.

With limited data on the benefits of mammography for women over 80, the researchers set out to compare outcomes between those who continued regular screening and those who did not.

The team analyzed medical records of 174 women aged 80 and older who were diagnosed with breast cancer at UCLA between 2013 and 2020. Most cancers were estrogen receptor–positive and HER2-negative and were mostly stage 1 or 2. Patients were divided into two groups: Those who had a mammogram within two years before their diagnosis (98 women) and those who did not (76 women). They then compared outcomes —including cancer stage at diagnosis, treatment intensity, and overall survival— between the two groups.

They found that women who did not have regular mammograms were more likely to have tumors that were advanced, high-grade or noticeable by touch. Screened women were more likely to have surgery to remove the tumor, while unscreened women sometimes omitted surgery altogether.

After a median follow-up of 55 months, they found women who were screened had a 55% lower risk of their cancer returning and a 74% lower risk of dying compared with women who were not screened. These advantages remained even after accounting for age, tumor type, and whether they had surgery.

“We were surprised to see such a significant survival difference among these women in their 80s,” said Kapoor, who is also an investigator in the UCLA Health Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center. “Our findings underscore the importance of encouraging breast cancer screening in elderly patients, regardless of age, unless they have more pressing health issues. Current guidelines are vague and often left to the provider’s discretion, so studies like ours help provide much-needed data for this underrepresented population.”

While the findings are encouraging, the researchers noted some limitations. The study looked back at medical records and only included women who were ultimately diagnosed with breast cancer, so it doesn’t capture potential downsides of screening, such as false positives, extra tests, or the emotional and financial stress on patients and their families. Larger studies are needed to confirm the benefits of mammograms for older women and to guide clearer screening recommendations.

Reference:

Siu‑Yuan Huang, Impact of Screening Mammography on Breast Cancer Outcomesin Women Aged 80 Years and Over, Annals of Surgical Oncology, https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-025-18288-4

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Constipation May Increase Risk of Death in CKD and Heart Failure: Meta-Analysis Reveals

China: A new meta-analysis published in Annals of Medicine suggests that constipation may be associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, particularly among individuals with chronic health conditions such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) and heart failure. Interestingly, no clear link was observed between constipation and cardiovascular-specific mortality, highlighting the need for further research to clarify its prognostic role.                  

The study was conducted by Dr. Bing Liu and colleagues from the Department of Anorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. The researchers systematically reviewed longitudinal observational studies examining the relationship between constipation and mortality outcomes. A total of 13 studies, reported across 14 articles and including over 3.7 million participants, were analyzed to determine pooled hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.
Key Findings:
  • Constipation was associated with a 10% increased risk of all-cause mortality in the general population.
  • In patients with chronic kidney disease, constipation was linked to a 40% higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.40).
  • Individuals with heart failure had an 85% higher risk of all-cause mortality associated with constipation (HR 1.85).
  • No significant association was observed between constipation and cardiovascular mortality in the general population (HR 1.19).
  • Constipation was not significantly linked to cardiovascular mortality among CKD patients (HR 1.33).
  • The findings suggest that increased all-cause mortality may be driven by factors related to chronic disease rather than direct cardiovascular effects.
The study’s findings highlight the importance of recognizing constipation as a potential marker for poorer outcomes in patients with chronic illnesses. The authors suggest that routine assessment of bowel health could provide additional insight into overall patient risk and may help identify individuals who might benefit from more intensive monitoring or intervention.
However, the authors caution that the results should be interpreted in light of several limitations. The included studies were observational, limiting the ability to establish causality. Definitions and assessments of constipation varied across studies, which could influence the pooled risk estimates. Residual confounding factors such as diet, physical activity, and medication use may also have affected the results. Additionally, most CKD participants were dialysis patients, which may not reflect the broader CKD population, and language restrictions could have excluded relevant research published in non-English sources.
Despite these limitations, the meta-analysis provides compelling evidence that constipation is independently associated with increased all-cause mortality, especially in chronic disease populations. The researchers recommend standardizing constipation assessment and validating these findings across diverse cohorts to better understand its prognostic significance.
“While constipation does not appear to significantly impact cardiovascular-specific mortality, it may serve as an important indicator of overall health risk, particularly in patients with chronic kidney disease or heart failure. Further studies are needed to explore underlying mechanisms and to determine whether targeted interventions for constipation could improve long-term outcomes in these vulnerable populations,” the authors concluded.
Reference:
Liu, B., Wu, X., Wang, Y., & Hu, X. (2025). Association between constipation and risk of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. Annals of Medicine, 57(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2025.2561803

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