A nomogram may predict conversion of laparoscopic surgery to open surgery for choledocholithiasis.
Approximately 3-18% of gallbladder stone patients have secondary choledocholithiasis. Laparotomy was previously the standard treatment but required large abdominal incisions and caused postoperative infections, pain, and longer hospital stays. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) surgery is now favored as it is less invasive and has a lower risk of infection. Those with common bile […]