June 2025 - Page 3 of 13 - Sarkari Doctor

NEET PG 2025 on August 3- NBE seeks Supreme Court’s approval

New Delhi: To prepare for the single shift conduction of NEET PG 2025, the National Board of Examinations (NBE) has moved the Supreme Court seeking the postponement of the exam to August 3, 2025.

The PG medical entrance test- NEET PG 2025, initially scheduled for June 15, 2025, was deferred by the NBE following the directions from the apex court. Releasing official notifications, the NBE announced the postponement and clarified that revised dates will only be notified after the apex court’s approval.

Filing an application before the Supreme Court recnetly, the NBE mentioned that August 3 is the earliest possible date given by its technology partner, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) to conduct the exam in a single shift.

As per the TCS, the time remaining between May 30 and June 15 was insufficient to hold the exam in a single shift, as now there will be a requirement to provide a greater number of Centres in a greater number of Cities and an extensive hardware supply chain management.

“The current booking of test centres is double the capacity as the examination was planned at the centres in two shifts…1000+ Centres shall need to be booked and engaged which will require considerable time. The infrastructure needed to be engaged to execute a shift of 242679 Candidates with Buffer would require Infrastructure for 2.70 Lakh to be made available across the country which will require considerable amount of time,” the application states, as reported by LiveLaw.

With the postponement and preparation for the single shift exam, the application process will also be reconducted.

It was further mentioned in the plea that the application window will need to be reopened and candidates will need to be given a fresh opportunity to opt for the test city of their choice in accordance with the Information Bulletin. After the receipt of new test city choices from the candidates, the distribution of candidates at the test centres shall need to be done afresh. This process would also take some time. After the completion of the aforementioned process, candidates will be informed of their test city at least two weeks prior to the date of the examination and the admit card informing the candidates of their specific centre at least 4 days before the said exam for the purposes of enabling the candidates to make appropriate arrangements for travel, etc. to take the exam.

There will also be a requirement for additional manpower, ranging from Invigilators, Security Staff, Network Admins, etc. “The hiring of a high volume of quality manpower, Training, and preparation of such a high number of Manpower and conducting multiple dry runs and mocks with them would require considerable time,” the application added, quotes LiveLaw.

Considering NEET PG is a high-stakes exam, NBE highlighted that tackling malpractices is a major challenge for which all law enforcement agencies will be required to join hands.

Across-the-board, to hold the exam smoothly after shifting to single shift pattern, the NBE has cited reasons like the time required for arranging secure examination premises, an adequate number of compatible computer systems, three-tier power backup systems, network infrastructure, security software and hardware, trained technical manpower, anti-cheating and surveillance measures, operational readiness of each test centre, mock drills, load tests, system audits.

Medical Dialogues had earlier reported that the doctors were demanding clarity from the NBE regarding the exam date for NEET PG 2025- the gateway to PG medical admissions in the country. Plenty of rumours and speculations were doing the rounds on social media after the Supreme Court verdict directing the NBE to conduct the NEET PG 2025 in a single shift.

“Holding the exam in two shifts leads to arbitrariness and cannot give a level playing field. The question papers in the two shifts can never be of the same difficulty level. Last year it may have been held in two shifts in the facts and circumstances of that stage. But the examining body ought to have considered making arrangements for holding examination in one shift,” the Apex Court bench comprising Justices Vikram Nath, Sandeep Mehta and NK Anjaria had observed.

Dismissing NBE’s concerns regarding the lack of adequate exam centres, the top court bench had directed NBEMS to make arrangements to hold the exam in a single shift. The court also allowed NBE to postpone the exam date beyond June 15 if the board failed to arrange an adequate number of exam centres within time.

With this, the NBE postponed the NEET PG 2025 to arrange for more Test Centres and required infrastructure for the candidates.

Also Read: Breaking: NEET PG 2025 Postponed, Revised date to be announced after SC Approval

Fire Audit of All Civic Hospitals, says Pune Municipal Commissioner

Pune: In a move aimed at strengthening safety protocols across the city’s healthcare infrastructure, newly appointed Pune Municipal Commissioner Naval Kishor Ram on Monday directed officials to carry out comprehensive fire safety audits of all civic-run hospitals. The directive was issued on his very first day in office, underscoring his commitment to public welfare and proactive governance.

Commissioner Ram officially took charge of the Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) on Monday and immediately conducted a series of department reviews to understand key challenges facing the city.

Also Read: UP Govt directs fire safety upgrade in all hospitals

Speaking to Hindustan Times, Ram said, “The review of departments will continue for the next two days. We will fire and audit all hospitals managed by the civic body.”

According to Pune Mirror, “Fire incidents pose a serious threat to citizens’ lives, often worsened by governmental apathy and non-functional or non-existent fire safety mechanisms,” Ram noted. He stressed the importance of ensuring that all municipal, government, and private healthcare facilities comply with fire safety norms. The fire audit will identify gaps and enforce necessary upgrades to safeguard public spaces.

In addition to fire safety discussions, the meeting also featured presentations on major civic projects currently underway in Pune.

Also Read: PCMC fire department issues notice to private hospitals on fire safety

Medical Dialogues had previously reported that following the tragic fire incident at a baby care centre in Delhi’s Vivek Vihar where seven newborns lost their lives, the Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC) fire department has issued notices to all private hospitals and clinics registered with the civic body asking them to submit information about their fire safety measures.

In the notice, the department has asked the hospitals to submit documents related to fire safety compliance and fire safety audit certificate within 10 days. After this, officials from the fire department will conduct a thorough fire safety audit before issuing a no-objection certificate (NOC). Furthermore, it has been cautioned that if a hospital does not acquire a No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the Fire Department, its license will be withheld.

Fact Check: Can onion juice with sugar dissolve stones in 10-15 days?

An Instagram post claims that onion juice with sugar dissolves stones in 10-15 days. The claim is FALSE.

Claim

In an Instagram post it is claimed that onion juice with sugar dissolves stones in 10-15 days. In the reel by health.guru008 it is said, “Everyone should know that drinking a syrup made by mixing sugar in onion juice daily for 10 to 15 days can help dissolve and pass stones.”

The claim can be accessed here.

Fact Check

The claim by the user is FALSE. The post fails to clarify which type of stones the remedy targets. While onion may offer certain protective benefits due to its antioxidant properties, the high sugar content in the drink as mentioned can potentially increase the risk of kidney stones. Moreover, gallstones cannot be eliminated through home remedies and typically require surgical removal for effective treatment.

The most common types of stones found in the body are kidney and gall stones.

What are Kidney stones?

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), kidney stones also known as renal calculi are hard, crystalline structures that form within the kidneys but can occur anywhere along the urinary tract. These stones often lead to intense pain, especially when they move through the urinary system.

What are the Factors Contributing to Kidney Stone Formation?

Several factors can contribute to the formation of kidney stones:

Dehydration: Inadequate fluid intake leads to reduced urine output, resulting in higher concentrations of stone-forming minerals.

Diet: Diets high in animal protein, sodium, and refined sugars are associated with an increased risk of certain types of stones.

Medical Conditions: Disorders such as hyperparathyroidism, recurrent urinary tract infections, and various metabolic abnormalities can promote stone development.

Genetic Predisposition: A family history of kidney stones significantly raises an individual’s risk.

Medications: Certain drugs, including diuretics and calcium-containing antacids, may increase the likelihood of stone formation.

What are the treatment strategies for kidney stones?

Kidney stones can be of different sizes. Drinking plenty of fluids can help small stones pass on their own and also dilute the urine, lowering the chances of new stone formation. In contrast, larger stones usually need medical treatment, which may involve surgical or non-surgical options. A variety of treatment options are available for kidney stones, aimed at relieving pain and preventing complications. Shock Wave Lithotripsy (SWL) uses high-energy sound waves to break stones into smaller fragments, allowing them to pass more easily through the urinary tract. Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy involve inserting a thin scope through the urethra to locate and either extract or fragment stones in the urethra, bladder, or upper urinary tract. For larger or more complex stones, Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is often advised. This procedure involves making a small incision in the back to insert a nephroscope into the kidney, enabling direct removal of the stone, often with laser-assisted fragmentation. These minimally invasive techniques are selected based on stone size, location, and patient condition, promoting faster recovery and improved outcomes.

What are Gallstones?

Gallstones, medically termed cholelithiasis, are hardened substances that develop in the gallbladder or bile ducts due to imbalances in the composition of bile—a digestive fluid made by the liver. As noted by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, these stones can range in size from minute particles to larger clusters and may lead to pain or other complications if left untreated.

Gallstones are typically classified into two primary types. The more prevalent type, cholesterol gallstones, result from excessive cholesterol in bile, which leads to crystallization. Pigment gallstones, made mainly of bilirubin, a substance formed from the breakdown of red blood cells are more commonly seen in people with liver diseases or blood disorders that raise bilirubin levels.

How are Gallstones Managed?

Treatment options for gallstones depend on factors like symptom severity, stone size, and location, and include both surgical and non-surgical methods. A key aspect of effective treatment often involves gallbladder removal.

Cholecystectomy, or surgical removal of the gallbladder, is widely performed in two forms: laparoscopic, a less invasive option, and open surgery, typically used when there is significant inflammation or infection.

For stones in the bile duct, Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a non-surgical method that allows stone removal without removing the gallbladder.

In select cases, shock wave lithotripsy may be used to break the stones into smaller pieces, sometimes paired with ursodiol, a bile acid that helps dissolve cholesterol-rich stones.

What are the Health Benefits Of Onions?

Onions are a low-calorie, nutrient-rich food that enhances flavor without adding fat or cholesterol. A single serving (about 45 calories) provides dietary fiber, vitamin C, vitamin B6, potassium, folate, calcium, and iron. They also contain organosulfur compounds known for their potential role in lowering blood pressure and cholesterol. Notably, onions are a source of quercetin, a flavonoid with anti-inflammatory effects that may inhibit LDL oxidation, support heart health, and help regenerate vitamin E.

Can onion juice with sugar dissolve stones in 10-15 days?

There is no scientific evidence or medical consensus supporting the claim that onion juice mixed with sugar can dissolve or aid in passing kidney stones. Although onions may have some health benefits, it is not a proven remedy. High sugar intake is known to increase the risk of developing kidney stones. Further, gall stones cannot be removed without surgical interventions. Hence, the claim is FALSE.

Onions are rich in bioactive compounds that offer various health benefits. A study published in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences reported that onions are rich in quercetin, a flavonoid known for its strong anti-inflammatory effects.

Additionally, a study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology highlighted the antibacterial properties of onions, demonstrating their potential to combat a range of bacterial infections due to their bioactive compounds.

An animal studies suggest that onion extract may offer protective effects against kidney stone formation. In a study by Wahid et al., onion extract has some protective effects against kidney stone formation in rats. The extract improved renal function by mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular injury in kidney tissues, highlighting its potential nephroprotective properties.

Emerging evidence suggests that high sugar consumption may elevate the risk of kidney stone formation. A study published in Frontiers in Nutrition found that a higher percentage of daily energy intake from added sugars is significantly linked to an increased prevalence of kidney stones.

Similarly, research by Pietro Manuel Ferraro et al. established a correlation between the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages such as soda, punch and a greater likelihood of developing kidney stones.

While onion juice has potential health benefits, strong evidence links high sugar intake to kidney stone formation and gall stones cannot be removed without surgical interventions. Hence, the claim is FALSE.

Talking to The Medical Dialogues Fact Check Team Dr Karunakar Reddy, Senior Gastroenterologist, CARE Hospitals, Hi-tech city, Hyderabad said, “No, drinking onion juice with sugar won’t dissolve kidney stones in 10–15 days. There’s no medical proof that this works. Some small stones may pass on their own if you drink plenty of water, but larger ones usually need proper treatment or procedures. It’s best not to rely on home remedies and instead consult a doctor to avoid complications. No, onion juice with sugar can’t dissolve gallstones either. Gallstones don’t go away that easily. In most cases, if you have symptoms, the best and safest treatment is to remove the gallbladder. Delaying treatment with home remedies might make things worse. Please speak to a specialist and get the right advice.

Dr B Aravind, Senior Nephrologist, CARE Hospitals, Hi-tech city, Hyderabad, further said, “There’s no strong evidence that onion juice with sugar can actually dissolve kidney stones in just 10 to 15 days. Kidney stones come in different sizes and types, so how they’re treated really depends on that. Some home remedies might give some relief, but they won’t replace proper medical care. If you think you have kidney stones, it’s best to check with a doctor who can guide you with the right tests and treatment.

Getting the right treatment early on is important to avoid any complications and help you heal better.”

Medical Dialogues Final Take

The claim that onion juice mixed with sugar can dissolve or pass kidney stones is FALSE. While onions offer certain health benefits, combining them with sugar could be counterproductive, as high sugar intake may actually raise the risk of kidney stone formation. Further gall stones can only be removed by surgical interventions. Moreover, the claim by the user is unsupported by any scientific evidence or medical consensus.

Hence, the claim is FALSE.

Moholla Clinic Doctors Protest Outside Delhi Secretariat

New Delhi: The doctors and staff from the Mohalla Clinics staged a silent protest outside the Delhi Secretariat on Monday, demanding clarity on their employment status under the newly rebranded Urban Ayushman Arogya Mandir initiative, launched by the BJP-led government in the capital. The demonstration saw the participation of at least 580 healthcare professionals.

Speaking to the Indian Express last week, Delhi Health Minister Pankaj Singh, amid prevailing concerns among the staff of the Mohalla Clinics, had said, “We have staff in the Arogya Mandirs, which are ready for the launch, but we are planning to absorb the existing staff of Mohalla clinics. I have discussed this with Chief Minister Rekha Gupta. They will have to reappear in an exam, and those who fulfil the criteria will get the jobs.”

With Mohalla Clinics remaining closed, doctors and staff staged a sit-in outside the Delhi Secretariat throughout the day, expressing uncertainty about their future. They claimed that written orders from officials contradict the Chief Minister’s assurances made during her Jan Sunwai camps, where she had promised that the staff would be absorbed into the newly formed Arogya Mandirs.

Also Read: Delhi CM Assures Jobs for Mohalla Clinic staff in Arogya Mandirs

Medical Dialogues had previously reported that in a bid to quell rising concerns over job security among staff working at Delhi’s flagship Mohalla Clinics, Chief Minister Rekha Gupta reassured doctors and healthcare workers that no one would lose their job under the city’s newly proposed healthcare framework. The announcement came after accusations by the opposition Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) that the Delhi government’s new healthcare plan would lead to the closure of Mohalla Clinics and the layoff of thousands of employees.

Jitendra Kumar, president of the Aam Aadmi Mohalla Clinics (AAMC) union, stated that those meeting the criteria under the National Health Mission would be hired, as confirmed by the Health Minister. He also mentioned that some staff members had been asked to stay at home, while permanent employees from various hospitals had been transferred to the clinics.

Some representatives were called inside and met with the Health Minister’s Officer on Special Duty (OSD), Vaibhav Rikhari. A memorandum was submitted, outlining their demands and grievances.

Doctors involved in the protest stressed that they were recruited after qualifying through a Delhi government examination and have served diligently. They are now demanding that all existing staff be directly transferred to the rebranded Arogya Mandirs without service gaps, exams, or altered terms of employment.

“Following the Assembly elections earlier this year, the staff have not been given salaries. Recently, an MOU (memorandum of understanding) of conditional extension of a maximum of one year or earlier was provided,” read the memorandum submitted by the doctors, reports the Indian Express.

They said a memorandum issued by officials and minutes of a meeting dated April 17, signed by the Health Minister and Special Secretary, have raised further doubts.

Also Read: Delhi set to launch first Ayushman Arogya Mandir this week

According to the Indian Express, “Our problems are linked to the process of shifting from Delhi State Health Mission (DSHM) to National Rural Health Mission, fear of new eligibility criteria, and no clear-cut document for the smooth shifting of 100% of doctors and staff. The government, on one end, keeps its staff happy by paying them regular increments and promotions and dearness allowance… but on the other end, inhuman treatment is meted out to contractual professional staff of AAMC. After working for over eight years in AAMC, without any increment, we are on the verge of termination of our services at one stroke. Our OPD, linked to remuneration, is jeopardised by poor supply of drugs,” it further added.

High A1c Variability Linked to Increased Mortality in Diabetes, reveals research

A new study published in the journal of Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice showed that greater A1c variability significantly increases the risk of mortality in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients, independent of average A1c levels, highlighting the importance of stable glycemic control.

An estimated 828 million persons globally were predicted to have diabetes in 2022, making it one of the top causes of mortality and disability. Therefore, it is critical to comprehend diabetes traits that might influence the burden of morbidity and death. Diabetes management recommendations emphasize the well-established significance of controlling diabetes as shown by average HbA1c.

However, there is mounting evidence that a variety of micro- and macro-vascular outcomes may be influenced by HbA1c fluctuation as well as typical levels. Although they have been less well documented in type 1 diabetes, associations between HbA1c variability and mortality have been discovered in a number of observational studies concentrating on type 2 diabetes.

Since those with the highest mean values also frequently have the largest variability, it can be difficult to distinguish between mean and variability in HbA1c. Thus, after controlling for average HbA1c level, this study examined relationships between HbA1c variability and all-cause mortality in people with diabetes.

For individuals aged 31 to 90 with diabetes (type 1 = 20,347, type 2 = 409,821) who had 4+ HbA1c measures recorded in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink between 2011 and 2014 and who were still living on January 1, 2015, the mean HbA1c and variability score (HVS) was calculated. Using nationwide linked mortality data from 2015–17, Cox models calculated the hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality. Mutual adjustments were made for the HbA1c level and variability as well as other measured confounders.

Younger age, non-white ethnicity (type 1 only), obesity, co-morbidities, and residing in underprivileged regions were all linked to higher HbA1c variability. Almost, 40,723 (9.9%) people with type 2 diabetes and 1,043 (5.1%) people with type 1 diabetes passed away during the follow-up period.

The calculated adjusted HRs for death were 2.78 in type 1 diabetes and 1.91 in type 2 diabetes among individuals with the highest and lowest levels of HbA1c fluctuation, respectively. Overall, this study found that, regardless of average HbA1c, increased variability in HbA1c was linked to eventual mortality in individuals with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Source:

Bowen, L., Carey, I., Chaudhry, U., DeWilde, S., Audi, S., Limb, E., Cook, D. G., Panahloo, A., Whincup, P., Sattar, N., Harris, T., & Critchley, J. A. (2025). HbA1c variability and all-cause mortality in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A population-based cohort study using electronic health records. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 112229, 112229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112229

PAD Patients with ESRD Face Higher Cardiovascular Risks After Endovascular Therapy: Study Finds

Taiwan: Patients living with both peripheral artery disease (PAD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) face a significantly higher risk of adverse systemic outcomes following lower limb endovascular therapy (EVT), according to a recent study published in BMC Cardiovascular Disorders by Shang-Yu Tsai from Chang Gung University, Taiwan, and colleagues.

“Patients with both PAD and ESRD undergoing lower limb EVT faced significantly higher risks of major cardiac and cerebrovascular events (HR 3.88), myocardial infarction (HR 2.14), and all-cause mortality (HR 2.89) compared to those without ESRD. Major adverse limb event rates were similar between groups. Notably, ESRD independently predicted MACCE risk (HR 2.49),” the researchers reported.

The retrospective cohort study assessed the impact of ESRD on both systemic and localized outcomes in symptomatic PAD patients undergoing EVT. The researchers reviewed data from patients treated between May 2018 and May 2021 at a tertiary medical center and categorized them based on ESRD status. To ensure comparability, a propensity score-matched (PSM) analysis was performed, accounting for potential confounders such as comorbidities and baseline characteristics.

The study’s primary focus was on major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), while major adverse limb events (MALEs) served as the secondary outcome.

The key findings include the following:

PAD patients with ESRD showed significantly higher rates of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), myocardial infarction (MI), and all-cause mortality compared to those without ESRD after matching.
In the matched cohort, the risk of MACCEs was nearly four times higher in ESRD patients (HR: 3.88) than in non-ESRD patients.
The risk of myocardial infarction was more than twice as high in ESRD patients (HR: 2.14).
The likelihood of all-cause mortality was nearly three times higher in ESRD patients (HR: 2.89).
ESRD was the only independent predictor significantly linked to increased MACCE risk (HR: 2.49).
Although major adverse limb events (MALEs) were more frequent among ESRD patients in the full cohort (61.0% vs. 34.9%), this difference was not statistically significant after matching (HR: 1.23).
The findings suggest that ESRD alone may not independently increase the risk of limb-specific complications following EVT.

The authors emphasized that the findings highlight the need for increased clinical vigilance in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing endovascular therapy (EVT). Given the substantially elevated risk of systemic complications, particularly major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and myocardial infarction (MI), they underscored the importance of proactive cardiovascular risk management in this vulnerable population.

They further noted that ESRD significantly worsens systemic outcomes in PAD patients treated with EVT, even though the risk of limb-related adverse events remains comparable after adjusting for confounding variables.

“These insights,” the authors concluded, “could help guide clinicians toward more personalized interventions and comprehensive care strategies aimed at minimizing cardiovascular complications in this high-risk group.”

Reference:

Tsai, SY., Huang, TY., Li, HY. et al. Systemic outcomes of symptomatic peripheral artery disease patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing lower limb endovascular treatment: a propensity score-matched analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 25, 388 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-04838-x

Women and Crohn’s Patients Face Higher Risk of Skin Disorders in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Study Finds

Iran: A new study published in Archives of Dermatological Research has highlighted the significant burden of skin-related complications in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly among those diagnosed with Crohn’s disease (CD). The research, led by Dr. Shahin Hamzelou from the Department of Dermatology, Razi Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, offers important insights into the prevalence and nature of dermatologic manifestations in IBD patients.

The researchers reported, “About one in three people with IBD had skin problems, mainly aphthous stomatitis and atopic dermatitis in ulcerative colitis cases. Perianal fissures were common in those with Crohn’s disease. Skin issues were more frequent in women and married individuals, with female patients especially prone to psoriasis and aphthous stomatitis.”

IBD is a chronic inflammatory condition primarily targeting the gastrointestinal tract. However, its impact often extends beyond the intestines, giving rise to extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs), including those affecting the skin. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore how frequently such skin disorders occur in IBD patients and identify associated factors.

The research was conducted on patients referred to the gastroenterology and dermatology clinics of the Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex in Tehran between March 2020 and March 2021. A total of 226 patients were evaluated, including 59 diagnosed with Crohn’s disease and 167 with ulcerative colitis (UC). Each patient underwent a thorough skin examination by both a gastroenterologist and a dermatologist.

The study revealed the following findings:

38.1% of all IBD patients exhibited inflammatory skin disorders at the time of evaluation.
52.5% of patients with Crohn’s disease had skin conditions, compared to 32.9% of those with ulcerative colitis.
Skin manifestations were more frequently observed when IBD was active.
Aphthous stomatitis and atopic dermatitis were the most common skin disorders, each affecting 11.1% of patients.
Perianal fissures were the most frequent dermatologic issue in patients with Crohn’s disease.
Women were at a higher likelihood of developing skin conditions, particularly aphthous stomatitis and psoriasis.
Married individuals experienced a greater prevalence of skin manifestations than unmarried patients.

The authors emphasize that patients with IBD, especially those with Crohn’s disease, women, and married individuals, are at elevated risk for dermatologic complications. Routine skin assessments are strongly recommended for these subgroups to ensure timely diagnosis and management of skin-related EIMs.

The study highlights the importance of multidisciplinary care in managing IBD. Dermatologic evaluation should be integrated into routine assessments for IBD patients, as skin involvement not only affects quality of life but may also reflect disease activity.

“Further research is warranted to better understand the underlying mechanisms linking IBD and skin disorders and to develop tailored strategies for their prevention and treatment,” the authors concluded.

Reference:

Hamzelou, S., Daryani, N.E., Yousefi, E. et al. Prevalence of inflammatory skin disorders in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Arch Dermatol Res 317, 786 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-025-04282-z

Mum’s obesity linked to child’s heightened hospital admission risk for infection

Children born to mothers who are very obese with a BMI of 35 or higher are at heightened risk of being admitted to hospital for an infection, finds a long term study published in the open access journal BMJ Medicine.

The findings highlight the importance of maintaining a healthy body weight before and after the pregnancy, say the researchers.

On current trends, the global prevalence of maternal obesity is projected to reach nearly 1 in 4 (23%) by 2030, point out the researchers. This is of particular concern, given that obesity is characterised by a state of chronic inflammation, which increases the risk of a disordered immune system response, changes in gene expression, and unfavourable changes to the gut microbiome alterations, all of which can influence the long term health of the developing fetus, they add.

Previously published studies on whether maternal weight is associated with childhood infection have failed to reach consensus, and it’s unclear if various potentially modifiable factors, such as breastfeeding, method of delivery, and pregnancy weight gain, might influence outcomes, say the researchers.

To find out, the researchers drew on participants in the Born in Bradford study, which has been looking at the potential impact of social, environmental, and genetic factors on short and long term mother and child health outcomes.

Women (9037) who had given birth to a living child at the Bradford Royal Infirmary between March 2007 and December 2010, and for whom information on their height and weight was available, were included in the analysis.

Some 4196 (45%) women were of Pakistani, and 3742 (40%) of white British, ethnicity. And 37% of the entire sample lived in the most socioeconomically deprived areas of the UK.

Their children’s (9540) health-specifically, number of admissions to hospital for an infection and number of infections within their first 5 years—was tracked from birth until the age of 15, they withdrew from the study, or died, whichever came first by October 2022.

Infections were categorised as: upper respiratory tract; lower respiratory tract; skin and soft tissue; genitourinary; gastrointestinal; invasive bacterial; and multisystem viral.

The authors looked at whether particular factors might affect the association between maternal BMI and childhood infection. These included: breastfeeding for 6 or more weeks after birth; caesarean (C) section delivery; preterm birth under 37 weeks; excessive weekly average weight gain and excessive total weight gain while pregnant; and child obesity.

The mums-to-be were weighed at the first antenatal (booking) appointment; again between 26-28 weeks of pregnancy, together with height; and during a routine third trimester appointment. About 30% of the women were overweight and 26% were obese, which included 10% who were grades 2-3 obese (BMI of 35 or above), based on first trimester BMI.

In all, there were 5009 hospital admissions for infection between birth and the age of 15. About 30% of the children were admitted to hospital for infection at least once up to the age of 15: 19% were admitted once; 6% twice; and 4% 3 or more times.

The highest admission rates were among infants under a year of age (134.6 admissions/1000 person years, which fell to 19.9/1000 person years among 5-15 year olds.

Crude admission rates rose in tandem with BMI: 39.7 admissions/1000 person years among children whose mothers were a healthy weight compared with 60.7/1000 person years among those whose mothers were obese (grades 2-3).

After adjusting for potentially influential factors, maternal BMI was positively associated with rates of hospital admission for infection across all ages, but the results were statistically significant only for children whose mothers were the heaviest (obesity grades 2-3).

These children were 41% more likely to be admitted to hospital for an infection when they were under 1 year old after accounting for potentially influential factors, such as mother’s age, ethnicity, and area deprivation level compared with those with mothers of a healthy weight. And they were 53% more likely to do so between the ages of 5 and 15.

The observed associations were slightly stronger in boys than in girls, and in Pakistani women than in white British women. Respiratory, gastrointestinal, and multisystem viral infections accounted for most of the excess hospital admissions.

Of the potentially modifiable factors assessed, preterm birth accounted for a modest proportion of the association (7%) between obesity grades 2-3 and childhood infections during the first five years.

But C-section birth accounted for 21% and child obesity at age 4-5 accounted for 26%, suggesting these might be potentially modifiable risk factors, suggest the researchers. Breastfeeding for 6 or more weeks and excessive pregnancy weight gain (both average weekly and total) weren’t significantly associated.

This is an observational study, and as such, can’t establish cause and effect. The researchers also acknowledge that their study relied on data from only one hospital and substantial amounts of information on breastfeeding and child BMI were missing. Nor were they able to factor in environmental and lifestyle factors.

But they nevertheless conclude: “The findings of our study highlight the need for public health campaigns and additional support for healthcare professionals to help women of reproductive age achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.

“Although the results indicated a modest effect of maternal obesity, and only in those with obesity grades 2-3, the potential effect on a large number of children globally is substantial.”

Reference:

https://bmjmedicine.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjmed-2024-001050

Record high: JAMA Study finds growing cannabis use among older adults

Marijuana use among older adults in the US has reached a new high, with 7 percent of adults aged 65 and over who report using it in the past month, according to an analysis led by researchers with the Center for Drug Use and HIV/HCV Research (CDUHR) at the NYU School of Global Public Health.

Their findings, published in JAMA Internal Medicine, also show that the profile of those who use cannabis has changed in recent years, with pronounced increases in use by older adults who are college-educated, married, female, and have higher incomes.

“Our study shows that cannabis use among older adults continues to increase, although there have been major shifts in use according to demographic and socioeconomic factors,” said Joseph Palamar, PhD, MPH, an associate professor of population health at NYU Grossman School of Medicine, an affiliated researcher with CDUHR, and the study’s senior author.

Most Americans live in a state where marijuana has been legalized for medical use, recreational use, or both. To better understand the prevalence of marijuana use among older adults in the US, researchers examined data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health from 2021 through 2023. The respondents, who were 65 and older, were asked about past-month cannabis use, which was defined as “current” use.

“This is the first time we were able to examine ‘current’ use of cannabis in this age group. Before, we were only able to look at past-year use because the numbers for current use were too small,” said Benjamin Han, MD, MPH, associate professor and associate chief of research in the Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care at the University of California San Diego and the study’s first author.

The researchers found that current cannabis use among older adults grew to 7 percent in 2023, up from 4.8 percent in 2021 and 5.2 percent in 2022—a nearly 46 percent increase in only two years.

“If we look even further back to 2006 and 2007, less than 1 percent of older adults used cannabis in the past year. Now, we’re seeing that 7 percent have used it in the past month alone,” said Han, an affiliated researcher with CDUHR.

Certain groups of older adults experienced sharper increases in use over this period than others, including those who are married, white, have a college degree, and have an income of at least $75,000. Older women also saw a steep increase in cannabis use, although older men are still more likely than women to use the drug.

In addition, cannabis use grew more among those living in states where medical marijuana is legal versus states where it is not.

“It shouldn’t be surprising that use is becoming increasingly more common among people who live in states that allow medical cannabis, which could be due to increased availability or social acceptability,” said Palamar. “Interestingly, with respect to income, those with the highest incomes had the lowest prevalence of cannabis use in 2021, but by 2023 this group had the highest prevalence, which may indicate who has access to medical cannabis given its costs.”

The researchers also found significant increases in cannabis use by older adults with chronic diseases-and notably, those with multiple chronic conditions—including heart issues, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and chronic pulmonary obstructive disease.

The authors caution that the overall increases may be driven, in part, by those who use cannabis aging into the 65+ age bracket for the period studied. Regardless, they recommend that clinicians screen and educate their older patients about cannabis use, including how physiological changes that accompany aging can make people more sensitive to psychoactive substances.

“As a geriatrician, I see more and more people interested in using cannabis for treating chronic health symptoms. But cannabis can complicate the management of chronic diseases and be potentially harmful if patients are not educated on its use and potential risks,” said Han.

Reference:

Han BH, Yang KH, Cleland CM, Palamar JJ. Trends in Past-Month Cannabis Use Among Older Adults. JAMA Intern Med. Published online June 02, 2025. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.1156

Low calorie diets linked to heightened risk of depressive symptoms

Following a low calorie diet is linked to a heightened risk of depressive symptoms, finds research published in the open access journal, BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health.

Men and those who are overweight may be especially vulnerable to the effects of restrictive eating, the findings suggest.

A ‘healthy’ diet rich in minimally processed foods, fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, lean proteins and fish, is generally associated with a lower risk of depression, while an ‘unhealthy’ diet, dominated by ultra-processed foods, refined carbs, saturated fats, processed meats and sweets, is generally associated with a heightened risk, explain the researchers.

But people follow many different types of diet for health or medical reasons, including those that restrict calories or particular nutrients, and it’s not clear if these other dietary patterns might be associated with a risk of depressive symptoms, they add.

To explore this further, they drew on 28,525 adult respondents (14,329 women and 14,196 men) to the nationally representative US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 2007–18, who had completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depressive symptom severity.

In all, 2508 people (just under 8%) reported depressive symptoms, and 7995 participants (29%) had a healthy weight; 9470 (33%) were overweight; and 11060 (38%) were obese.

Participants were asked if they were following any particular diet either to lose weight or for other health reasons, and if so, which of the 9 diet options set out in all 6 cycles of NHANES they were on.

Dietary patterns were categorised into 4 groups: (1) calorie-restrictive; (2) nutrient-restrictive (low in fat/cholesterol, sugar, salt, fibre, or carbs); (3) established dietary patterns (adapted for diabetes, for example); and (4) not on a diet.

Most participants (25,009, 87%) said they weren’t on any specific diet, while 2026 (8%) followed a calorie-restrictive diet, 859 (3%) a nutrient-restrictive diet, and 631 (2%) an established dietary pattern.

When stratified by sex, a greater proportion of men (12,772; 90%) than women (12,237; 85%) said they weren’t on a diet. Calorie restriction was most commonly reported by obese participants (1247;12%) and those who were overweight (594; 8%), while nutrient-restrictive and established dietary patterns were less commonly reported, with the highest proportion of established dietary pattern users among obese participants (359; 3%).

PHQ-9 scores were 0.29 points higher in those on calorie-restrictive diets than in those not on any specific diet.

The scores were higher among those who were overweight and following a calorie-restrictive diet: their PHQ-9 scores were 0.46 points higher, while a nutrient-restrictive diet was associated with a 0.61 point increase in PHQ-9 scores.

Calorie-restrictive diets were also associated with higher cognitive-affective symptom scores (measure of relationship between thoughts and feelings) while nutrient-restrictive diets were associated with higher somatic symptom scores (excessive distress and anxiety about physical symptoms).

These scores also varied by sex: a nutrient-restrictive diet was associated with higher cognitive-affective symptom scores in men than in women not on a diet, while all 3 types of diet were associated with higher somatic symptom scores in men.

And people living with obesity following an established dietary pattern had higher cognitive-affective and somatic symptom scores than those of a healthy weight not on a diet.

This is an observational study, and as such no firm conclusions can be drawn about causality. Respondents may not have accurately classified their diets either, say the researchers.

The findings also contradict those of previously published studies suggesting that low calorie diets improve depressive symptoms. But the researchers explain: “This discrepancy may arise because prior studies were primarily randomised controlled trials (RCTs) where participants adhered to carefully designed diets ensuring balanced nutrient intake.

“In contrast, real-life calorie-restricted diets and obesity often result in nutritional deficiencies (particularly in protein, essential vitamins/minerals) and induce physiological stress, which can exacerbate depressive symptomatology including cognitive-affective symptoms.” Another possible explanation might be a failure to lose weight or weight cycling-losing weight and then putting it back on, they suggest.

By way of an explanation for the observed gender discrepancies, the researchers point out that glucose and the fatty acid omega-3 are critical for brain health. “Diets low in carbohydrates (glucose) or fats (omega-3s) may theoretically worsen brain function and exacerbate cognitive-affective symptoms, especially in men with greater nutritional needs,” they suggest.

Professor Sumantra Ray, Chief Scientist and Executive Director of the NNEdPro Global Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, which co-owns BMJ Nutrition Prevention & Health with BMJ Group, comments: “This study adds to the emerging evidence linking dietary patterns and mental health, raising important questions about whether restrictive diets which are low in nutrients considered beneficial for cognitive health, such as omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin B12, may precipitate depressive symptoms.

“But the effect sizes are small, with further statistical limitations limiting the generalisability of the findings. Further well designed studies that accurately capture dietary intake and minimise the impact of chance and confounding are needed to continue this important line of inquiry.”

Reference:

https://nutrition.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmjnph-2025-001167

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